commercial applications in the field of bioelectronics within a short period. Thus, in re
cent years, graphene and its derivatives aroused as a rich source for the construction and
use of bioelectronics and bioelectrochemical sensors. In sensing applications, graphene-
based materials offered excellent conductivity, large specific surface area, and easily
functionalizable surfaces. These materials deliver precise, quick, selective, sensitive, and
even single-molecular-sensing abilities compared to traditional biosensing platforms.
Sensors based on bioelectronics can accomplish a picomolar detection limit extendable up
to a low femtomolar concentration range. Even though developments in graphene-based
materials have shown remarkable electrical and electrochemical biosensor features, dif
ferent challenges are still to be overcome to enhance sensitivity and sensitivity. Another
challenging area is the performance of graphene-based materials in real biological samples
where the presence of high salt concentrations and proteins may interfere with the sensing
process. Also, the non-specific interactions present in proteins and the reproducibility of the
fabrication of graphene-based biosensor interfaces are the restraining factor for the com
mercialization process. Thus, the progress in graphene-based bioelectronics is still in its
infancy. Graphene-based materials essential for bioelectronic applications should be pre
ferably defect-free and monodispersed concerning lateral dimensions and the number of
layers. Also, the bulk scale production of graphene must focus on more environmentally
friendly and green synthetic approaches. Toxicity and biocompatibility issues of graphene-
based materials and interfaces are also to be addressed prudently to dodge the secondary
health effects in clinical diagnosis and device fabrication. With the emergence of novel
technologies and integration techniques, the fabrication of portable analytical quantifica
tion, wireless sensing devices in real personalized diagnosis, and wearable devices will
revolutionize bioelectronics applications in the near future.
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Graphene Nanostructures
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